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Kernel Modules

modprobe rt2800usb #Load module in kernel
modprobe -r rt2800usb #remove module from kernel
or [rmmod rt2800usb] #remove module from kernel
lsmod | grep rt2800 #check is load

Permanent load modules:

vim /etc/modules-load.d/rt2800usb.conf

rt2800usb #add this line

Check if systemd service loaded the module:

systemctl status systemd-modules-load.service

The output should look like this:

systemd-modules-load.service - Load Kernel Modules
  Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/systemd-modules-load.service; static)
  Active: active (exited) since Wed, 03 Apr 2013 22:50:57 +0000; 46s ago
        Docs: man:systemd-modules-load.service(8)
              man:modules-load.d(5)
 Process: 260 ExecStart=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-modules-load (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

if status=1/FAILURE

 journalctl -b

URL

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Selinux

SELinux stands for Security-Enhanced Linux. It is a way to improve the server security.

cat /etc/selinux/config 
# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system.
# SELINUX= can take one of these three values:
#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced.
#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing.
#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded.
SELINUX=enforcing
# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of three two values:
#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected,
#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected. 
#     mls - Multi Level Security protection.
SELINUXTYPE=targeted

Show state:

$ sestatus #show state
$ getenforce #show state]

change[not permanent]:

$ setenforce [enforcing] or [permissive]

Change Permanently:

vim /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=enforcing

URL

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Install DotNet from commandPrompt

DISM /Online /Enable-Feature /FeatureName:NetFx3 /All /LimitAccess /Source:d:\sources\sxs

d:\ [the drive that the Windows Server ISO has mounted]
/All [enable all parent features of the specified feature]
/LimitAccess [prevent DISM from contacting Windows Update/WSUS]
/Source [specify the location of the files that are needed to restore the feature]

URL

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FTP-mount to directory

yum install curlftpfs [# if error: yum install fuse ]
$ftphost = [FTP host]
$mount = [Mounted to folder]
$user = [FTP username]
$pass = [FTP password]
curlftpfs $ftphost $mount -o user=$user:$pass,allow_other [# Mount the CurlFtpFS]
fusermount -u $mount [# Unmount the CurlFtpFS]

URL

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۱۹

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Change Hostname

[CENTOS7]-[DEBIAN9]:

SHOW:

$ hostname
$ hostname -s #displayed the computer short name
$ hostname -f #displays the computer FQDN in the network
$ cat /etc/hostname
Add new hostname in /etc/hosts

CHANGE:

hostnamectl set-hostname NAME
hostnamectl #Show change config

URL

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IP Command

Show address:

ip: show commands:

ip help ---> #Display ip commands and arguments
ip -4 a ---> #Only show TCP/IP IPv4
ip -6 a ---> #Only show TCP/IP IPv6
ip a list eth0 ---> #Only show eth0 interface
ip a show dev eth0 ---> #Only show eth0 interface
ip a show eth0 ---> #Only show eth0 interface

addr: Display IP Addresses and property information(abbreviation of address)

ip addr ---> #Show information for all addresses
ip addr help ---> #Display address commands and arguments
ip addr show dev eth0 ---> #Display information only for device

link: Manage and display the state of all network interfaces

ip link help ---> #Display link commands and arguments
ip link ls up ---> #Only show running interfaces
ip link show dev eth0 ---> #Display information only for device eth0
ip link ---> #Show information for all interfaces
ip -s link ---> #Display interface statistics
ip -s -s link ls eth0 ---> #get information about a particular network interface
ip link set eth0 up ---> #Bring eth0 online
ip link set eth0 down ---> #Bring eth0 offline
ip link set eth0 promisc on ---> #Enable promiscuous mode for eth0

Add or Delete Address:

ip a add {ip_addr/mask} dev {interface} ---> #The syntax is as follows to add an IPv4/IPv6 address
ip a del {ipv6_addr_OR_ipv4_addr} dev {interface} ---> The syntax is as follows to remove an IPv4/IPv6 address:
ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev eth0 ---> #Add address 192.168.1.1 with netmask 24 to device eth0
ip a add 192.168.1.200/255.255.255.0 dev eth0 ---> To assign 192.168.1.200/255.255.255.0 to eth0
ip a add 192.168.1.200/24 dev eth0 ---> To assign 192.168.1.200/255.255.255.0 to eth0
ip addr del 192.168.1.1/24 dev eth0 ---> #Remove address 192.168.1.1/24 from device eth0
ip a del 192.168.1.200/24 dev eth0 ---> To delete 192.168.1.200/24 from eth0

neigh

neigh : ARP, Show neighbour objects; also known as the ARP table for IPv4

ip neigh ---> #Display neighbour objects(Show neighbour objects; also known as the ARP table for IPv4)
ip neigh help ---> #Display neighbour commands and arguments
ip neighbour ---> #View the MAC address of the devices connected in your LAN
ip neigh show dev eth0 ---> #Show the ARP cache for device eth0
ip neigh add 192.168.1.1 lladdr 1:2:3:4:5:6 dev eth0 ---> #Add address 192.168.1.1 with MAC 1:2:3:4:5:6 to eth0
ip neigh del 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 ---> #Invalidate the entry for 192.168.1.1 on eth0
ip neigh replace 192.168.1.1 lladdr 1:2:3:4:5:6 dev eth0 ---> #Replace the entry for address 192.168.1.1 to use MAC 1:2:3:4:5:6 on eth0
ip n show ---> #Display neighbour/arp cache
ip neigh show ---> #Display neighbour/arp cache

Sample outputs (note: masked out some data with alphabets):

74.xx.yy.zz dev eth1 lladdr 00:30:48:yy:zz:ww REACHABLE

10.10.29.66 dev eth0 lladdr 00:30:48:c6:0a:d8 REACHABLE

74.ww.yyy.xxx dev eth1 lladdr 00:1a:30:yy:zz:ww REACHABLE

10.10.29.68 dev eth0 lladdr 00:30:48:33:bc:32 REACHABLE

74.fff.uu.cc dev eth1 lladdr 00:30:48:yy:zz:ww STALE

74.rr.ww.fff dev eth1 lladdr 00:30:48:yy:zz:ww DELAY

10.10.29.65 dev eth0 lladdr 00:1a:30:38:a8:00 REACHABLE

10.10.29.74 dev eth0 lladdr 00:30:48:8e:31:ac REACHABLE

The last field show the the state of the “neighbour unreachability detection” machine for this entry:

STALE – The neighbour is valid, but is probably already unreachable, so the kernel will try to check it at the first transmission.

DELAY – A packet has been sent to the stale neighbour and the kernel is waiting for confirmation.

REACHABLE – The neighbour is valid and apparently reachable.

Add a new ARP entry:

ip neigh add {IP-HERE} lladdr {MAC/LLADDRESS} dev {DEVICE} nud {STATE} ---> #syntax is
ip neigh add 192.168.1.5 lladdr 00:1a:30:38:a8:00 dev eth0 nud perm ---> #add a permanent ARP entry for the neighbour 192.168.1.5 on the device eth0:

neighbour state (nud):

permanent The neighbour entry is valid forever and can be only be removed administratively

noarp The neighbour entry is valid. No attempts to validate this entry will be made but it can be removed when its lifetime expires.

stale The neighbour entry is valid but suspicious. This option to ip neigh does not change the neighbour state if it was valid and the address is not changed by this command.

reachable The neighbour entry is valid until the reachability timeout expires.

Delete a ARP entry:

ip neigh del {IPAddress} dev {DEVICE} ---> #Syntax
ip neigh del 192.168.1.5 dev eth1 ---> #invalidate or delete an ARP entry for the neighbour 192.168.1.5 on the device eth0

Change ARP state:

ip neigh chg 192.168.1.100 dev eth1 nud reachable ---> #TO REACHABLE FOR THE NEIGHBOUR 192.168.1.100 ON THE DEVICE ETH1:

Route

Route:Display and alter the routing table

ip route ---> #List all of the route entries in the kernel[routing tables]
ip route show ---> #check the routing table information of the system
ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 dev eth0 ---> #Add a default route (for all addresses) via the local gateway 192.168.1.1 that can be reached on device eth0
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 ---> #Add a route to 192.168.1.0/24 via the gateway at 192.168.1.1
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 ---> #Add a route to 192.168.1.0/24 that can be reached on device eth0
ip route del default via 192.168.1.1 ---> #delete default gateway
ip route delete 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1 ---> #Delete the route for 192.168.1.0/24 via the gateway at 192.168.1.1
ip route replace 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 ---> #Replace the defined route for 192.168.1.0/24 to use device eth0
ip route get 192.168.1.5 ---> #Display the route taken for IP 192.168.1.5
ip r ---> #display the contents of the routing tables
ip r list ---> #display the contents of the routing tables
ip route list ---> #display the contents of the routing tables
ip r list 192.168.1.0/24 ---> #Display routing for 192.168.1.0/24

output:192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.1.10

Add a new route:

ip route add {NETWORK/MASK} via {GATEWAYIP} ---> #The syntax is
ip route add {NETWORK/MASK} dev {DEVICE} ---> #The syntax is
ip route add default {NETWORK/MASK} dev {DEVICE} ---> #The syntax is
ip route add default {NETWORK/MASK} via {GATEWAYIP} ---> #The syntax is
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.254 ---> #Add a plain route to network 192.168.1.0/24 via gateway 192.168.1.254
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 ---> #To route all traffic via 192.168.1.254 gateway connected via eth0 network interface

Delete a route:

ip route del default ---> #The syntax is[as follows to delete default gateway]
ip route del 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 ---> #In this example, delete the route created in previous subsection:

Disable [or] flush:

This flush or f command flushes neighbour/arp tables, by specifying some condition.

ip -s -s n f {IPAddress} ---> #The syntax is
ip -s -s n f 192.168.1.5 ---> #In this example, flush neighbour/arp table
ip -s -s n flush 192.168.1.5 ---> #In this example, flush neighbour/arp table
ip -4 addr flush label "ppp*" ---> #disable IP address on all the ppp (Point-to-Point) interfaces
ip -4 addr flush label "eth*" ---> #Here is another example for all the Ethernet interfaces
ip -s -s a f to 192.168.2.0/24 ---> #Delete all the IP addresses from the private network (For example) 192.168.2.0/24

output:

2: eth0 inet 192.168.2.201/24 scope global secondary eth0

2: eth0 inet 192.168.2.200/24 scope global eth0

*** Round 1, deleting 2 addresses ***

*** Flush is complete after 1 round ***

Txqueuelen

set the length of the transmit queue of the device using ip command as follows:

ip link set txqueuelen {NUMBER} dev {DEVICE} ---> # Syntax
ip link set txqueuelen 10000 dev eth0 ---> #change the default txqueuelen from 1000 to 10000 for the eth0
ip a list eth0

MTU

For gigabit networks, set maximum transmission units (MTU) sizes (JumboFrames) for better network performance. The syntax is:

ip link set mtu {NUMBER} dev {DEVICE} ---> #Syntax
ip link set eth0 mtu 9000 ---> #Set the MTU on eth0 to 9000
ip link set mtu 9000 dev eth0 ---> #To change the MTU of the device eth0 to 9000
ip a list eth0

Sample outputs:

2: eth0: mtu 9000 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000

link/ether 00:08:9b:c4:30:30 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

inet 192.168.1.10/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth1

inet6 fe80::208:9bff:fec4:3030/64 scope link

valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

Broadcast:

Notice:By default, the ip command does not set any broadcast address unless explicitly requested

ip addr add brd {ADDDRESS-HERE} dev {interface} ---> #ADDING THE BROADCAST ADDRESS ON THE INTERFACE
ip addr add broadcast {ADDDRESS-HERE} dev {interface} ---> #ADDING THE BROADCAST ADDRESS ON THE INTERFACE
ip addr add broadcast 172.20.10.255 dev eth0 ---> #add 172.20.10.255 as broadcast on eth0

Multicast

maddr: Manage and display multicast IP addresses

ip maddr ---> #Display multicast information for all devices
ip maddr show dev eth0 ---> #Display multicast information for device eth0

OLD and NEW Commands:

arp -a -----> ip neigh
arp -v -----> ip -s neigh
arp -s 192.168.1.1 1:2:3:4:5:6 -----> ip neigh add 192.168.1.1 lladdr 1:2:3:4:5:6 dev eth1
arp -i eth1 -d 192.168.1.1 -----> ip neigh del 192.168.1.1 dev eth1
ifconfig -a -----> ip addr
ifconfig eth0 down -----> ip link set eth0 down
ifconfig eth0 up -----> ip link set eth0 up
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 -----> ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev eth0
ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.0 -----> ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev eth0
ifconfig eth0 mtu 9000 -----> ip link set eth0 mtu 9000
ifconfig eth0:0 192.168.1.2 -----> ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev eth0
netstat -g -----> ip maddr
route -----> ip route
route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0 -----> ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0
route add default gw 192.168.1.1 -----> ip route add default via 192.168.1.1

Abbreviation:

Object Abbreviated form Purpose

link(l) ----> Network device.
address(a [or] addr) ----> Protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device.
addrlabel(addrl) ----> Label configuration for protocol address selection.
neighbour(n [or] neigh) ----> ARP or NDISC cache entry.
route(r) ----> Routing table entry.
rule(ru) ----> Rule in routing policy database.
maddress(m [or] maddr) ----> Multicast address.
mroute(mr) ----> Multicast routing cache entry.
tunnel(t) ----> Tunnel over IP.
xfrm(x) ----> Framework for IPsec protocol.

URL1

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۱۳

اسفند

Gateway-all

1-show gateway(s):

route
route -n
ip route show
ip route list

Add route:

route add default gw {IP-ADDRESS(router IP)} {INTERFACE-NAME}
route add default gw 192.168.1.254 eth0 #Route all traffic via 192.168.1.254 gateway connected via eth0 network interface:
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0 #to route all traffic via 192.168.1.254 gateway connected via eth0 network interface:
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.254 #to route all traffic via 192.168.1.254 gateway connected via eth0 network interface:

Delete rout

ip route del default via 192.168.122.1 dev eth0

GUI(set configuration from ui)

redhat-config-network #if your are using Red Hat/CentOS/Fedora core Linux type this
network-admin #If you are using other Linux distribution use this

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۱۱

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دستور lsof

سوکت‌های فعلی سرور که به هیچ فایلی از هارد وصل نشده است - پردازه‌های موجود در رم که ممکن است ویروس باشند

lsof +L1

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دستور awk

نمایش همه ستون‌ها بجز ستون شماره یکم و ستون شماره دوم

cat FIle | awk '{$1=$2="";print$0}'

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۰۴

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StartUp Directory in windows

هر برنامه را که در این مسیر قرار بدهید در حین بالا آمدن آن کاربر به اجرا در خواهد آمد:

C:/users/AppData/Roaming/Microsoft/Windows/StartMenu/Programs/Startup

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دستورات کنترلی در برنامه virtualBox

نمایش اطلاعات سروری که در آن برنامه VirtualBox در حال اجرا می‌باشد

vboxmanage list hostinfo

نمایش لیست وی ام های موجود در سرور

vboxmanage list vms

نمایش لیست وی ام های موجود در سرور با اطلاعات کامل

vboxmanage list vms --long

نمایش لیست وی ام های روشن در سرور

vboxmanage list runningvms

نمایش لیست وی ام های روشن در سرور با اطلاعات کامل

vboxmanage list runningvms --long

نمایش تمامی اطلاعات یک وی ام برحسب نام یا uuid

vboxmanage showvminfo {UUID}

روشن کردن یک وی ام در حالت headless

vboxheadless --startvm {UUID}

توقف در وضعیت یا pause یک وی ام

vboxmanage controlvm {UUID} savestate

خاموش کردن یک وی ام

vboxmanage controlvm {UUID} acpipowerbutton

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استفاده از دی وی دی (موجود در هارد) بعنوان ریپوزیتوری

sudo mkdir -p /media/repo1 /media/repo2 /media/repo3 /opt/DVD
sudo chown -R USERNAME:USERNAME /opt
sudo chmod -R 755 /opt
Copy All DVDs in Directory: /opt/DVD
sudo vim /etc/fstab:

/opt/dvd/debian-9.5.0-i386-DVD-1.iso /media/repo1 iso9660 defaults 0 0
/opt/dvd/debian-9.5.0-i386-DVD-2.iso /media/repo1 iso9660 defaults 0 0
/opt/dvd/debian-9.5.0-i386-DVD-3.iso /media/repo1 iso9660 defaults 0 0

sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.lists:

deb [trusted=yes] file:///media/repo1 stretch main contrib
deb [trusted=yes] file:///media/repo2 stretch main contrib
deb [trusted=yes] file:///media/repo3 stretch main contrib

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اسفند

آرشیو و فشرده‌سازی فایل‌ها و دایرکتوری‌ها

tar:

archive: tar -cvf File.tar /directory

Extract: tar xf FileName.tar

Tar.gz:

Archive: tar czvf name.tar.gz files

Extract: tar xzvf name.tar.gz

tar.bz2:

Archive: tar -cvjSf folder.tar.bz2 folder

Extract: tar xjf File.tar.bz2

bz2:

Archive: bzip2 -z filename

[or] Archive: bzip2 filename

Extract: bunzip2 FileName.bunzip2

[or] Extract: bzip2 -d filename.bz2

rar:

archive:

Extract: unrar e FileName.rar

gz:

Archive: gzip file

Extract: gzip -d file.gz

Extract: gunzip FileName.gz

zip:

archive: zip file.zip file

archive: zip -r Folder.zip folder

Extract: unzip File.zip

7zip:

Archive: 7z a File.7z File

Extract: 7z e File.7z

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لینوکس و شبکه

Network/Internet

ProgrammingAndScript

Graphic

PackageManager

Security

Windows

DataBase

Services/Daemon

FileSystem/Search/TextFilter

Hardware/Bootable

AdministrativeCommands

۱۳ مطلب در اسفند ۱۳۹۷ ثبت شده است

Permanent load modules:

SELinux stands for Security-Enhanced Linux. It is a way to improve the server security.

Show state:

change[not permanent]:

Change Permanently:

[CENTOS7]-[DEBIAN9]:

Show address:

ip: show commands:

addr: Display IP Addresses and property information(abbreviation of address)

link: Manage and display the state of all network interfaces

Add or Delete Address:

neigh

neigh : ARP, Show neighbour objects; also known as the ARP table for IPv4

Add a new ARP entry:

Delete a ARP entry:

Change ARP state:

Route

Route:Display and alter the routing table

Add a new route:

Delete a route:

Disable [or] flush:

This flush or f command flushes neighbour/arp tables, by specifying some condition.

Txqueuelen

set the length of the transmit queue of the device using ip command as follows:

MTU

Broadcast:

Multicast

maddr: Manage and display multicast IP addresses

OLD and NEW Commands:

Abbreviation:

1-show gateway(s):

Add route:

Delete rout

GUI(set configuration from ui)